collections
from collections import deque, Counter, defaultdict
q = deque()
q.append(x); q.popleft() # BFS 队列 O(1)
cnt = Counter(a)
cnt[x] += 1
dd = defaultdict(list)
dd[key].append(val)
heapq(堆)
import heapq
h = []
heapq.heappush(h, x) # 小根堆
heapq.heappop(h)
# 大根堆:压入 -x
bisect(二分)
import bisect
i = bisect.bisect_left(a, x) # 第一个 >= x
i = bisect.bisect_right(a, x) # 第一个 > x
math
import math
math.gcd(a, b)
math.isqrt(n) # Python 3.8+ 整数开方
math.inf
itertools
permutations、combinations、product 用于暴力枚举。